The superego includes both a punishing and a rewarding function. Newman, in Theories of Adolescent Development, 2020 Superego Malan's later work converges toward that of Davanloo's, 15,21,22 so that his and Malan's approaches are conceptually similar.īarbara M. In other words, the therapist will call attention to behavior toward the therapist, but rather than asking what affect is being warded off, Malan wants to know more about the original object in the nuclear conflict who set up the transference in the first place. Like Sifneos, he sees interpretation as curative, but he aims less at defenses than at the objects they relate to. Malan's work is reminiscent of the British object-relations school. A fixed date (rather than the customary set number of sessions) avoids the chore of keeping track if acting-out causes missed sessions or scheduling errors. (In the initial trial, if the therapist has in mind the correct focus, there will be a deepening of affect and an increase in associations as the therapist tests it.) A unique feature of this treatment is that Malan sets a date to stop once the goal is in sight and the patient demonstrates the capacity to work on his or her own. Malan's method 19,20 is similar, but the therapist discerns and holds the focus without explicitly defining it for the patient. (In psychoanalysis, transference emerges, but in short-term therapy it sometimes is elicited.) Anxiety-provoking psychotherapy is longer, less crisis-oriented, and aimed at the production of anxiety-which then is used as a lever to get to transference material. One limiting feature is that it serves only 2%–10% of the population, the subgroup able to tolerate its unremitting anxiety without acting-out.Īn illustrative contrast, Sifneos's anxiety- suppressive therapy, serves less healthy patients who are able to hold a job and to recognize the psychological nature of their illness, but who are unable to tolerate the anxiety of deeper levels of psychotherapy. One can think of this method as a classical oedipal-level defense analysis with all of the lull periods removed. The therapist serves as a detached, didactic figure who holds to the focus and who challenges the patient to relinquish both dependency and intellectualization, while confronting anxiety-producing conflicts. This treatment runs 12 to 20 sessions and focuses narrowly on issues (such as the failure to grieve, fear of success, or “triangular,” futile love relationships). Sifneos's anxiety-provoking therapy (1972, 1992) is an ideal example of a brief psychodynamic psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic interpretation of defenses and appearance of unconscious conflicts in the transference appear in other short-term therapies (and are often downplayed), but only in these methods are interpretation and insight the leading edge of the method and, as in psychoanalysis, the main “curative” agents. The “interpretive” short-term therapies all feature brevity, a narrow focus, and careful patient selection, but the common feature is the nature of the therapist's activity. Stern MD, in Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry, 2016 Psychodynamic Short-term Therapies However, it’s interesting to see how Pi’s id (survival instincts) is powerful enough to take charge over the superego and ends up killing the fish for the two of them.Theodore A. He subconsciously knows that he should not be killing a live species due to religion, and also knows that he should not be eating fish (he is a vegetarian because of his religion). In this situation, his superego makes him hesitant to kill it. This could be the hidden meaning for Pi’s natural instincts.Īnother example is when Pi struggled with killing the fish for Richard Parker and himself to eat. In both the novel and the movie, Pi tells us that Richard Parker is the reason why he had a chance to survive. Richard Parker is Pi’s survival instincts (id), which we are all born with the moment we are born. Richard Parker is the one who kills the hyena, which is parallel to Pi killing the cook (another version of the story he tells to Japanese reports at the very end of the movie). Some researchers believe that Richard Parker, the tiger, is actually a symbolism of Pi’s id. This also shows what imbalance of personalities can do to us. There was no superego or ego that could have stopped it from killing the zebra. The hyena on the lifeboat is an example of id, because of how it killed the zebra due to hunger.
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